META ANALYSIS OF PESANTREN'S ECONOMIC RESEARCH

https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/ijni/article/view/8907 META ANALYSIS OF PESANTREN'S ECONOMIC RESEARCH Solihah Sari Rahayu Faculty of Sharia IAILM Tasikmalaya Indonesia Email: solihah.sr@gmail.com Aam Slamet Rusydiana Sharia Economic Applied Research & Training (SMART) Indonesia Email: aamsmart@gmail.com M. Anton Athoillah Faculty of Shariah and Law, UIN Bandung Indonesia Email: anton_athoillah@uinsgd.ac.id Abstract This study tries to review the research around Islamic boarding school (Pesantren) economy on reputable journal. It uses descriptive statistical analysis based on selected 79 article publications or paper related to Islamic boarding school economy, with national and international journal. The entire sample journal publications have published for twelve years from 2007 to 2019. The Results show that Islamic boarding school economy research study case is still dominated by East Java (29%), following by West Java (20%) and Central Java (6%). In addition, the average time of journal publication is between 11 and 12 years. There are at least 20 journals that publish Islamic boarding school economy articles and the most research with Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business, Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, Advances in Social Science. Furthermore, the comparison of qualitative research (77%) is still more than the quantitative approach (13%) and mix method approach (10%). Keywords : Islamic Boarding School Economy, Islamic Economic and Finance, Meta-Analysis A. INTRODUCTION The existence of Islamic boarding schools has a very big role in the history of the struggle of the Indonesian people. The basis of community movement with the spirit of Islam that was built by the Islamic boarding school in mastering colonizers. Now, Islamic boarding schools have proven their existence and progress as dynamic agents in every process of struggle and national development. Its work is not only engaged as an Islamic educational institution but it is an institution of struggle, social, economic, religious, cultural and propaganda (Azizah, 2014). Along the times, pesantren have developed, both in systems and teaching materials as well as positions and functions. The fact is that in addition to the main functions as above, there are also other functions that can be developed by pesantren as pesantren's attention to the community problems they face. In addition to pesantren as a missionary institution, pesantren also have a large role in community development (Sriharini et al., 2018). The number currently reaches thousands, pesantren actually have enormous potential in the economic field. However, the potential possessed by pesantren has not been given much attention, either by the government or the pesantren itself (Nadzir, 2015). The resources owned by the pesantren are very strong social capital to carry out its role as an institution that has the duty and responsibility to form a civil society idealized by Islam. The increasingly widespread practice of Islamic economics in the midst of Indonesian Muslim society is part of the social engineering process to restore the glory of Islamic civilization. So with its resources, pesantren have enormous potential in developing Islamic economics. (Marlina, 2014). Pesantren is considered by many to not make a significant contribution to the development process. Meanwhile, religion and its instruments are often blamed as obstacles to development. On the contrary, some studies show that religion is a source of inspiration and value for economic revival (Salahuddin et al., 2019). One of the factors that makes pesantren considered not to contribute significantly to development is the problem of resources. The basic solution to this condition is the reform of pesantren education. Islamic boarding schools need to update their learning systems regularly. Otherwise, the optimization of the role of pesantren in economic development will not be realized. Output from pesantren will be difficult to be relied on to become quality human resources (Suliswiyad et al., 2018). In 2015, the number of pesntren in Indonesia reached 28,961 institutions and the number of santri was 4,028,660. Based on geographical position, the majority of pesantren are in Java, totaling 81.8% of the total pesantren. Where the students take various levels of education, from elementary to university level. Based on the residence, the majority of 62.47% of the students were santri who lived in the dormitory (Nasrullah et al., 2018). The need for quality human resources as a product of educational institutions is no exception boarding schools, will determine the existence of these institutions. The community will believe in educational institutions that are able to produce or produce high-quality, qualified human resources. Islamic boarding schools that are rooted in the midst of society are very important in improving human resources. The function of Islamic boarding schools has become more strategic where the government still has limitations in the field of community empowerment (Sugandi et al., 2017). The development of the pesantren world certainly goes hand in hand with the development of research on the pesantren economy. Research related to the pesantren economy has been around since 2007 with 79 publications. This means that the development of research on the pesantren economy in Indonesia has entered nearly two decades of age. Therefore, a discussion about the development of research related to the pesantren economy needs to be done. This study aims to determine the development map of research related to pesantren economics by using the Meta Analysis approach. Matters presented in the meta-analysis are related to the year of publication, country case studies, and the methods used by each publication paper on pesantren economics. B. LITERATURE REVIEW Islamic boarding school is one of the educational institutions in Indonesia which has long been implementing empowerment. One special characteristic of pesantren is the independent and simple life of the students (Ismail, 2016). In its development, the Islamic boarding school was transformed into a social institution that gave a distinctive color to the development of the surrounding community. His role has also widened to become an agent of renewal (agent of change) and nation-building. Besides that, it is also an institution for economic empowerment of the people, because some pesantren have cooperatives and business units in various fields, for example: agribusiness, agro-industry, cultivation, etc (Noor & Sanrego, 2011). Conceptually, empowerment comes from the word "power" which means "sway" or "strength". Because the idea of empowerment is in contact with the concept of power. Often power is associated with the ability of the first party to make the second party do what the first party wants, regardless of the desires and interests of the second party (Nadzir, 2015). However, along with the development of information and technology, the use of the term community empowerment has also shifted, from what was state-based to civil society. In its implementation, community empowerment is a conception that is more concerned with process than results (Khozin, 2011). So that makes pesantren as one of the centers in community economic empowerment in a position to make social change. Marlina (2014) explained that in this issue the weapon used by the pesantren to make social change was sharia economics. Basically the objectives of sharia economics are arranged so that Muslim people will approach the degree of devotion, especially in the economic field. So that this illustrates the role of pesantren in addition to being an Islamic educational institution and propaganda institution, pesantren also has a role as a community empowerment institution especially in the economic field. Research related to pesantren-based economic empowerment was conducted by Muttaqin (2011) with a case study at Al-Ittifaq Islamic Boarding School in Bandung. The result is the first, explaining the student's autonomous economic model and community economic empowerment carried out by the Al-Ittifaq boarding school. Second, based on Spearman Rank correlation analysis and Kendall Tau correlation analysis, it can be concluded that there is a positive and significant correlation between spiritual motivation (motivation creed, worship motivation and muamalah motivation) and pesantren kyai leadership. This means that if spiritual motivation is high, the economic level will be even higher. Whereas the leadership of the kyai (teacher) is very influential in the formation of students' economic autonomy. In addition, this study explains the results of the analysis above that coaching has a positive impact on community economic empowerment. Wekke (2017) explained in his research on entrepreneurship education that must be adapted to the environmental conditions of each cottage. In general, agriculture, plantations and fisheries are the main choices. In particular the development of cooperatives and shops, animal husbandry, and buying and selling is carried out. These programs are carried out by each cottage differently because it adjusts to available resources and differences in access and interests of students. Alhifni et al. (2017) in his research explained the empowerment of pesantren through waqf at Daarut Tauhid pesantren. Waqf as an instrument of community empowerment is carried out based on: first, waqf assets in Daarut Tauhid are a source of strength for two aspects, namely education and economy. Based on these aspects, waqf assets are empowered to be productive assets in the world and the hereafter. Secondly, the users of all waqf assets include the management of the results from everyone, because Daarut Tauhid provides easy access to people who want to use waqf assets. Third, another factor that makes Daarut Tauhid improve its function in the sharia sector is by providing halal guarantees on waqf assets. Therefore, it can be seen that pesantren can be a means of economic empowerment for the surrounding community, both for students, teachers, managers and even the surrounding community. There are many ways that can be done in empowering the pesantren's economy both from the livestock, agriculture and financial sectors, especially Islamic finance. Where this form of empowerment can be in the form of special institutions such as cooperatives, ZISWAF institutions, and building entrepreneurship on students so that they are able to be economically independent. C. METHOD This study uses data in the form of research journals and other research publications for the period 2007-2019 that have been published regarding pesantren economics in Islamic economic and financial research. These journals can be obtained or accessed online from published journals. The methodology used in this research is a qualitative method approach with descriptive statistics of literature studies on 79 publications related to pesantre economics. Qualitative research methods are research methods that are based on the philosophy of postpositivism that is used to examine natural conditions of objects, (as opposed to being experiments) where the researcher is a key instrument. Data collection techniques are done by triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive / qualitative, and qualitative research results emphasize the meaning rather than generalization (Sugiyono: 2008). Qualitative research is descriptive. The data analyzed is not to accept or reject the hypothesis (if any). The results of the analysis are in the form of descriptions of observed symptoms and do not have to be numbers or coefficients between variables (Subana dan Sudrajat: 2005). According to Wijaya (2013), descriptive statistics is a field of statistical science that studies ways of collecting, compiling and presenting research data summaries. The data must be summarized well and regularly, both in the form of tables, diagrams or graphic presentations, as a basis for various decision making (Wijaya: 2013). This research was processed using Ms. Excel. This study uses a purposive non probability sampling method. A purposive sample is a sample that aims to understand certain information. This sample can be grouped into a judgment sample that selects sample members according to certain criteria on the basis of past records or research objectives to be achieved, and quota samples ie samples are selected based on quotas or certain categories, which describe the dimensions of population dimension (proportion) (Wijaya: 2013). The criteria referred to in this study are 79 publications related to pesantren economics on Islamic economic and financial themes from 2007-2019. D. RESULT AND DISCUSSION This research was conducted by reviewing 79 studies related to pesantren economics that have been published in national and international journals, conferences and other forms of publication. The following is a complete table of the names of publishers, conferences, working papers, and the number of papers published by pesantren economic applications in Islamic economic and financial research. Table 1. Research Publication on the theme of Pesantren Economy No Journal Name Number of Article 1 Addin 1 2 Advanced Science Letters 1 3 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 2 4 Afkaruna : Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keislaman 1 5 AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 1 6 At Ta'dib 1 7 Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam 3 8 Edukasi : Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan 1 9 Edukasia : Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Islam 1 10 Ekbisi 1 11 El Harakah 1 12 European Journal of Business and Management 1 13 FALAH: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 1 14 Fenomena 1 15 Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 1 16 Hunafa : Jurnal Studia Islamika 1 17 IEESE International Journal of Science and Technology (IJSTE) 1 18 Inferensi : Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 1 19 Intenational Journal of Development and Economic Sustainability 1 20 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 1 21 International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences 1 22 International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 1 23 International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 1 24 International Journal of Nusantara Islam 1 25 International Journal of Publication and Social Studies 1 26 IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance 1 27 Iqtishoduna - Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam (Malang) 1 28 Islamica 1 29 JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia) 1 30 JESTT 1 31 Journal of Economics, Business, and Government Challenges 1 32 Journal of Innovation in Business and Economics 1 33 Journal of Islamic Economics and Philanthropy (JIEP) 1 34 Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance 1 35 Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 1 36 Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 1 37 Jurnal Al Tsaqafa 1 38 Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen 1 39 Jurnal Hukum Islam 1 40 Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 1 41 Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Politik dan Humaniora 1 42 Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik 1 43 Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 1 44 Jurnal Penelitian 1 45 Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan 2 46 Justitia Islamica 1 47 Maqdis : Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Islam 1 48 Opcion 1 49 Perspektif Sosiologi 1 50 Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1 51 Profetika : Jurnal Studi Islam 1 52 Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies 1 53 Risalah : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Islam 1 54 Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business 11 55 Tadbir Muwahhid 1 56 TAZKIA Islamic Finance & Business Review 1 57 Tsaqafah : Jurnal Peradaban Islam 1 58 Turismo: Estudos & Práticas (UERN) 1 59 Working Paper 1 Confrence 60 1st International Conference of Pesantren 1 61 4th ISRA Colloquium 1 62 Adved 2017: 3Rd International Conference on Advances in Education and Social Science 1 63 Confrence on Islamic Management, Accounting, and Economics (CIMAE) 1 64 ICIFEB : International Conference on Islamic Finance, Economics and Business 1 65 Proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Empowering Moslem Society in Digital Era 1 Total 79 Based on Table 1, the source of the most widely discussed publications related to pesantren economics is Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business as many as 11 papers. Jurnal Economica: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam is the second highest number of publications on this theme, namely 3 papers. Then, other journals with 2 related publications for each paper are Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research and Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama dan Keagamaan. For publication in the form of proceeding conference, there are 6 papers from 6 different conferences. In addition, in this study there are other sources in the form of working papers published by Bank Indonesia. Furthermore, this research has been carried out in the period of 2007 to 2019. During that period many studies related to the pesantren economy were conducted in 2017 to 2019. The number of papers published in succession in that period were as many as 11, 17, and 18 papers. The initial pesantren-related economic research appeared in 2007. After that every year the number of pesantren-related economic studies continues to increase. Where in 2012 to 2019 there was an increase related to the research theme (Table 2). TablE 2. Publications Classification Based on Year of Publication 10 Year of Publication Number of Articles 1 2019 18 2 2018 17 3 2017 11 4 2016 7 5 2015 4 6 2014 6 7 2013 4 8 2012 5 9 2011 3 10 2010 1 11 2009 2 12 2007 1 Total 79 In addition, this study reviews 79 existing papers by region / province which are case studies related to pesantren economic research. East Java Province is the most area that becomes the case study in research related to the theme as many as 23 papers. Other regions both on the island of Java and outside of the island of Java as well as West Java, Central Java, DKI Jakarta and Banten with a total of 16, 5 and 4 papers for DKI Jakarta and Banten (Table 3). Table 3. Publications Classification Based on Regions No. Region Number 1 Jawa Tengah 5 2 Jawa Timur 23 3 Jawa Barat 16 4 DKI Jakarta 4 5 Banten 4 6 DIY 2 7 Sulawesi Selatan 2 8 Sumatera Utara 2 9 Papua Barat 1 10 Kalimatan Selatan 1 11 Nusa Tenggara Barat 1 12 Sulawesi Tenggara 1 Among the examples of papers that make East Java a case study in their research is the paper entitled "Analisis Kinerja Program Bantuan Pinjaman Langsung Masyarakat Melalui Lembaga Pesantren di Madura" written by Kutsiyah et al. (2016) analyzing the performance of the community direct loan assistance program (BPLM) channeled through Islamic boarding schools in Madura, the results showed that social capital was rooted in the lives of farmers and affected the pesantren's economy, and an increase in transaction costs would be followed by a decrease in farmer income. The paper titled "Pendidikan Kewirausahaan Di Pondok Pesantren Sidogiri Pasuruan" written by Chotimah (2015) examines the entrepreneurship education model and its teaching strategies in pesantren, the results obtained are, entrepreneurial values internalized based on worship to Allah and educational strategies carried out by training students to manage institutions the economy in the pesantren is under the guidance of the teachers and administrators. In addition, a paper entitled "Eksistensi dan Kontribusi Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor Dalam Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia" written by Syamsuri and Borhan (2016) discusses the contribution of pesantren in various aspects of human resource development, not only as an institution for the development of religious knowledge, but also pay attention to the environment that maintains the commitment of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in its character education, so that education and orientation of pesantren cannot be separated from the community. In this study also, the authors classified 79 papers that were reviewed based on the authors who discussed the economic themes of pesantren. The names of the authors who conducted the most research on the economics of the pesantren were Nurul Huda, Anas Alhifni and Biyati Ahwarumi with 3 papers each. In addition, there are 7 other authors who conducted the study, each of which were 2 research papers. Table 4. Classification of Publications Based on Author's Name No Author Number of Article 1 Nurul Huda 3 2 Anas Alhifni 3 3 Biyati Ahwarumi 3 4 Siti Nur Azizah 2 5 Ahmad Lukman Nugraha 2 6 Siswanto 2 7 Tjiptohadi Sawarjuwono 2 8 Muslich Anshori 2 9 M. Nasrulloh 2 10 Kuat Ismanto 2 Among the papers written by Alhifni & Huda (2015) entitled "Kinerja LKMS Dalam Mendukung Kegiatan Ekonomi Rakyat Berbasis Pesantren (Studi Pondok Pesantren Darut Tauhid dan BMT Darut Tauhid)" which examines the interrelationship between LKMS's performance with economic activities, and found the results indicate that LKMS performance is quite good in terms of products related to financing, but the relationship between LKMS products and MSME economic activities is not significant. While among the papers written by Ahwarumi et al. (2018) titled "Roles of Business Incubators in Sunan Drajat Pesantren in Generating Islamic Entrepreneurs" who designed innovative methods with the aim of forming entrepreneurs in the pesantren ecosystem, the results obtained in the form of descriptions of educational management to shape the characteristics of santri entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship recommendations through entrepreneurship development boarding business incubator. Furthermore, the classification of papers based on the methodological approach used by the authors is shown in Table 5. Based on the results of the review in 79 papers, there are three categories of categories, namely the quantitative approach, the qualitative approach and the mix method approach. There are 10 papers that use a quantitative approach or 13%. As for the qualitative approach there are 61 papers (77%) and the mix method approach of 8 papers (10%). Table 5. Classification Based on Methodology Approach No. Methodology Total 1 Quantitative Approach 10 2 Qualitative Approach 61 3 Mixed Method Approach 8 Paper that uses a quantitative approach, for example, is a paper entitled "Kemandirian dan Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Berbasis Pesantren (Studi atas Peran Pondok Pesantren Al-Ittifaq Kecamatan Rancabali Kabupaten Bandung terhadap Kemandirian Eknomi Santri dan Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Sekitarnya)" written by Muttaqin (2016) criticizing the development model student economic autonomy and community economic empowerment, the relationship between spiritual motivation and clerical leadership with student economic autonomy and the fostering of relationships conducted by pesantren with community economic empowerment. In that study, Muttaqin analyzed the data by analyzing descriptive phenomena, Rank Spearman correlation and Kendall Tau correlation. The paper that uses a qualitative approach for example is a paper entitled "Strategi Mewujudkan Kemandirian Pesantren Berbasis Pemberdayaan Santri" written by Ismail (2016) to find out the santri-based empowerment method, the driving and inhibiting factors as well as the form of programs and their benefits for pesantren independence in facing existing challenges. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. While the paper that uses a mixed approach (among them the mix method) entitled "Penerapan Etika Bisnis Islam di Koppontren La Tansa Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, Tahun 2015" written by Nugraha (2016) which discusses the application of Islamic business ethics in the La-Tansa Gontor Koppontren. In the study, Nugraha used a mixed approach namely sequential explanatory design, and then analyzed it by data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and verification. This research was also conducted based on the number of citations in the research paper. The results of the citation paper can be seen in Table 6. From these results it can be seen that from the 79 studies reviewed, the paper with the highest number of citations with the title "Membangun Pemberdayaan Ekonomi di Pesantren" amounted to 28 times. In addition, there are two other papers with the most citations: "The Potential of Pesantren in Sustainable Rural Development: Case Study of Pesantren Buntet in Rural Mertapada Kulon, Astana Japura Subdistrict, Cirebon Regency, West Java Province" and "Preferensi Masyarakat Pesantren Terhadap Bank Syariah: Studi Kasus DKI Jakarta" with the number of 16 and 14 citation, respectively. Table 6. Classification Based on Number of Citation No. Journal Number of Citation 1 Membangun Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Di Pesantren 28 2 The Potential of Pesantren in Sustainable Rural Development : Case Study Pesantren Buntet in Rural Mertapada Kulon, Subdistrict Astana Japura, Regency Cirebon, Province West Java 16 3 Preferensi Masyarakat Pesantren Terhadap Bank Syariah : Studi Kasus DKI Jakarta 14 4 Pengembangan Ekonomi Pondok Pesantren di Jawa Barat 10 5 Pemahaman Dan Respon Santri Pesantren Terhadap Perbankan Syari’ah Di Ponorogo 7 6 Kinerja LKMS Dalam Mendukung Kegiatan Ekonomi Rakyat Berbasis Pesantren : Studi Pondok Pesantren Darut Tauhid dan BMT Darut Tauhid 7 7 Enhancing Innovation Roles of Pesantren Business Incubator in Pondok Pesantren Sunan Drajat 4 8 Entrepreneurial Motivation in Pondok Pesantren 4 9 Pesantren dan Kemandirian Ekonomi Ekonomi Kaum Santri : Kasus Pondok Pesantren Fathiyyah Al-Idrisiyyah Tasikmalaya 4 10 The Role of Pondok Pesantren in Encountering Asean Economic Community (AEC) 3 In the first place of the most citations, a paper entitled "Membangun Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Di Pesantren" written by Nadzir (2016) discusses the role of pesantren as an integral part of the community having the responsibility to develop and empower the community in all fields including in the economic field. Pesantren as an institution that lives in the midst of the community has a very important role, both related to religious issues (moral force) and those related to social society.. The second highest number of citations is a paper entitled "The Potential of Islamic boarding schools in sustainable rural development" written by Fatimatuzzahroh et al. (2015) to determine the potential of the Buntet pesantren to build sustainable villages. The results showed that esantren had potential developmental activities that include activities in the social, economic and environmental fields. Then, the third highest citation is a paper entitled "Preferensi Masyarakat Pesantren terhadap Bank Syariah (Studi Kasus DKI Jakarta)" by Noor & Sanrego (2011) which examines the extent of pesantren community preferences towards Islamic banks, especially in DKI Jakarta, and based on an analysis of its results, it is known that knowledge and access have a very positive influence on the pesantren community, while professionalism and facilities actually have a negative effect, this is due to the lack of knowledge of the pesantren community on Islamic banks so that it takes the role of all stakeholders to support and socialize it. CONCLUSIONS The focus of this research is trying to find out the extent of the pesantren's economic development in research, especially related to economic research and Islamic finance in the world. The results show that there is a tendency to increase the number of articles on publications on Islamic economics and finance with pesantren economics during the study period, especially in the last 3 years. Research on the economics of pesantren has been carried out with several regions in Indonesia becoming a case study. The area that has become a lot of case studies in research related to the pesantren economy is East Java and West Java. In addition, based on the methodological approach used in research dominance is done with a qualitative approach. As for the paper, which is widely cited is "Membangun Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Di Pesantren". Based on the most published journals related to the theme of economic pesantren is Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business. REFERENCES Abidah, A. (2013). Pemahaman Dan Respon Santri Pesantren Terhadap Perbankan Syari’ah Di Ponorogo. Justitia Islamica, 10(1), 107–134. https://doi.org/10.21154/justicia.v10i1.144 Abubakar, I. (2016). 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